I have no way of knowing if I have ever had a Vanagon with an exhaust system
which was exactly as assembled by those gnomes in the Black Forest.  As is
proper mechanical practice, the Bentley shows washers under the fasteners of
the exhaust system, but it is impossible to tell whether the washers are wavy
lock washers or just flat washers.  So, do all these rusty fasteners require
lock washers?  I am not referring to the stack of Belleville washers on the
j-pipe flange.

George